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What is Osteoporosis? Consensus 93: It is a systemic disease characterized by low bone density and insufficiency of microstructures, which increases the fragility and fracture risk in bone tissue. What is Osteoporosis? Definition 2002 (USNIH): It is a skeletal disease characterized by an increased risk of fracture as a result of impaired bone strength. Bone strength is the reflection of two main components of bone: bone density and quality. Risk factors: Other risks: -General muscle weakness -Difficulty in balancing (neurological, vestibular, ophthalmological problems) -Vision defect -Slow walking -Disruption of heel-toe gait (arthrodeses etc.) Who should be made a risk inquiry? - Everyone over the age of 50 should be questioned -The main areas at risk of fracture (wrist, humerus, ribs, vertebra, pelvis and hip) should be examined in detail. Who should be taken for Osteoporosis tests? - Those with height shortening> 4 cm -Progressive kyphosis (hump) -Long-term steroid users -Those with low-energy post-traumatic fractures -Patients> 65 years old -Those under the age of 65 who have clinical risk should be included in the investigation. Who are at high risk? -The main skeletal fracture -Those who have developed kyphosis -With a shortening of height -One Major and two Minor factors detected -Those with low bone density have a high risk of fractures. What are the normal values ​​in bone density densitometry? -Normal BMD; T score according to the standard deviation of the mean bone density of young adults: those in the range of +2.5 - (- 1.0). -Osteopenia; T: (- 1) - (- 2.5) Grade-C -Osteoporosis; T <minus 2.5 Grade-B -Group A at risk of osteoporosis and fractures Who should be treated? -Those at high risk of fractures -Those taking glucocorticoid therapy for a long time -Those who had fractures and low bone density after low-energy trauma are treated immediately.

Benefits of Tango to the body; As the importance of movement and walking gradually increased in our lives, gait disturbances began to be noticed and related injuries started to increase rapidly. In people who do not walk regularly or who perform walking in short distances in their lives, body axis control becomes difficult when the correct steps and load transfer are not performed. It causes waist-hip knee and ankle injuries. However, when stepping and load transfer are done correctly, such injuries can be prevented. Gait mechanics disorders are conditions that need to be corrected under the supervision of experts. It is determined in special gait analysis laboratories and appropriate treatments are arranged. Even people who do not have leg inequality, spine curvature, or pelvic problems may have developed their own wrong walking mechanics. It is inevitable that the structures carrying our skeleton with bad walking habits will be exposed to torsions and cause unexpected injuries. There is a fun side to people with normal body alignment to correct their walking in daily life; "Tango" Tango literally makes walking phases repeat into our brains. It is an excellent walking exercise that repeats the correct step and load transfer accompanied by music to ensure body axis control. It is inevitable for tangoers to put the correct walking skates into their daily lives. Stepping during walking, heel strike, sole pushing, thumb push against standing, thumb push-swing occurs automatically. In the meantime, it is possible to attract individuals who use each phase differently, depending on their personality and developmental characteristics, to the timing and load transfer that should be with Tango. During tango, one has to use the correct gait patterns to accompany the music. Benefits of Tango to the Body While the oscillations of the body and legs are synchronized with the musical rhythm, the incorrectly used muscles start to work in the correct axes. Underused muscles come to the strength and size they should actually be. The abdominal muscles and the structures extending from the spine to the thigh (spinopelvic-spinofemral) become stronger. When the pelvic lordosis improves, the center of pain that leads to low back pain begins to approach where it should be. The aesthetic appearance in the postures of the dancers who started to make tango figures over time emerges when they provide the body alignment that should actually be. Those who are tango dancers and who set their hearts on this path comprehend the importance of exercises such as ballet-plates-squat and lounge in order to correct these ace deficiencies in their bodies and begin to do all the movements that we cannot do for our patients. As a result, a strong muscular structure, correct alignment and posture mechanics that support the skeletal structure! In this way, healthy individuals who walk in their daily life without falling down with real stepping ... It is not for nothing that the Chinese government officially sponsored sports such as Tai chi. Dances such as tango should become widespread and people should be encouraged to both socialize and support their physical structure. Then; DANCE_DANCE

Orthopedic problems in children are developmental disorders that occur with the disruption of skeletal development in any stage of the mother’s womb. In cases where there is no concomitant organ system insufficiency, early intervention can be achieved and recovery can be achieved without injury. Spine Problems (Scoliosis, Kyphosis) Joint Problems (Developmental Hip Dislocation, High Scapula) Dwarfs / Arm and Leg Deficiencies Foot Problems (Ekinovarus, Ekinus, Adduktus)

The most common applications from tumor, infection and non-traumatic problems in the wrist area 1. TFC tear 2.Ulnar instabilities) 3.Cartilage lesions 4. Gangshoon cyst 5. Carpal instability 6. Ostenecroses (keinböck) Wrist arthroscopy offers the opportunity to intervene in all of these problems without the need for open surgery.

Painless joint freedom of movement. Stagnant life can lead to unexpected problems such as vascular diseases, internal organ failures, and stroke. The joint moves with the sliding cartilage surfaces. Injury on these surfaces, factors that disrupt the surface also disrupt the opposite side throughout the movement. Over time, both surfaces begin to erode each other. In a small spot, a groove the diameter of the injury appears, the articular cartilage quickly disappears. Joints are ball-slot, hinge structure that works in harmony. The axis of both surfaces must be the same, the covering areas must be the same. We can protect our joint health! Our joints become firmer and stronger as we move. A balanced, protein-rich diet and regular exercise are beneficial. Excessive weight gain should be avoided. A sprained load on the joint may be caused by weakness of muscle strength. Exercises to increase muscle strength should be done. The type of exercise should be appropriate for your level. If you have not walked on a flat road, it is inevitable that you will be injured while running on the treadmill. The fact that the items you use around you are in harmony with you (ergonomic) will reduce your chance of injury. Adapt your surroundings. Accurate diagnosis is possible with examination! When you have a joint injury, you should see an Orthopedics and Traumatology specialist as soon as possible. Radiological examinations performed after the physician’s examination determine the level of injury and the type of treatment. Once the type of injury is determined, the rate of self-repair is understood. Apart from severe injuries, splint-plaster fixations, bandages, therapeutic drugs, painkillers are used that will allow the body to repair itself. Arthroscopic treatment is the gold standard in severe injuries. Don’t let your joint stay still! During injury, recessive treatments may be aimed at restricting the movement of the joint. Immobility of a healthy joint can lead to a decrease in joint lubricity and loss of muscles. Therefore, the treatment is arranged to give action as early as possible. Devices that provide passive movement of the joint surface without weighting can be very effective in treatment. We get help from rehabilitation specialists and therapists for such treatments. Arthroscopic surgery gold standard! Arthroscopy is the gold standard in the diagnosis of delayed healing joint injuries, no matter how advanced and perfect the examination and radiological examinations are. Magnetic resonance imaging may be insufficient for cartilage lesions, plica ruptures and hardening. In this case, intervention is made before joint wear occurs. Today, meniscal tears and ligament ruptures can be treated with arthroscopic methods with excellent results. Correct intervention and stepwise approach are very important when there is a Joint Injury! Your joint may swell after injury, remain motionless and you cannot load. Don’t panic, if you don’t have a real health professional around, a simple bandage, a temporary fix and a cold application is all it takes. Do not be burdened, and rest for a while and contact the health center as soon as possible. Find out exactly what the problem is! You should know what the injury in your joint is, the recovery time and the time to return to normal after recovery. Your doctor will provide information on how joint healing will result. This information can play a key role in explaining your future ailments. Will the treatment affect your daily life and work life? Every person’s daily life expectancy and work life is different. The physician’s decision may vary from recessive treatments to arthroscopic surgical treatments while determining the rest and recovery time. Remember, your joints are the most important part of your life. After the treatment, help may be required to regain the old mobility. In arthroscopic treatments and long angle fixations after severe injuries, we should definitely seek physiotherapy assistance. In simple interventions and diagnostic arthroscopic surgeries, self-exercise may be sufficient most of the time. If it is thought to be inadequate during the controls, it can be included in the rehabilitation program.

Cartilage tissue is a metabolically active tissue. Healthy cartilage has an intercellular substance (matrix) rich in glucosaminoglycan glycoproteins, which hold a high amount of water in its hyaline cartilage structure. It is not a tissue that has the ability to repair itself, except for superficial losses. Since the cartilage cell is not capable of regeneration, the losses can be covered up to 1 mm by matrix production, without cellular migration, which is not the case for the cartilage cell. This type of healing is the healing of hyaline cartilage without scarring. In superficial losses, if the injury does not reach the subchondral tissue, hyaline healing is achieved without the need for any cellular migration. In full-thickness injuries, we see that a non-cartilaginous tissue plays a role in the defect filled with fibrin and mesenchymal cells after cartilage repair and bleeding. In this case, the repair tissue is in the form of fibrocartilage scar tissue. Scar tissue is a rough, non-slippery tissue on the cartilage surface. It acts like a dead tissue with no active metabolism. The healing margin is uncertain and raised from the surface. The rough surface leads to a situation requiring intervention, which constantly wears and wears, resulting in a painful joint. Hyaline cartilage provides a smooth and smooth surface as well as providing lubricity, which is one of the basic functions of cartilage. Fibrocartilage, on the other hand, serves as a filling function as a scar tissue and prepares the ground for the inflammatory response with PDGF and TGF-ß mediators released from mesenchymal cells, which have an important place in the physiopathology of arthritis. Closure of the cartilage defect may be in the form of excessive scar tissue and this tissue may create a mechanical barrier. Osteophyte (bone protrusion-horn) formations are the hard osseous healing tissue of mesenchymal cells with stem cell characteristics, which are involved in the formation of fibrocartilage tissue. Therefore, in addition to the acute inflammatory response, the problems in the late period will be the healing tissue that disrupts the mechanical barrier. Unfortunately, this condition is painless following the recovery of the acute situation after trauma. DIAGNOSIS Whether the cartilage injury is traumatic, infection or aging, the diagnosis of the cartilage problem is very difficult after the acute condition (swelling, pain, feeling of being stuck) has disappeared. Examination and analysis of limitations in the patient’s daily life are of great importance in early diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is insufficient in the diagnosis of superficial lesions without contrast (arthrography). Findings found close to normal such as increased fluid in MRI reports; tripping, difficulty in climbing/descending stairs are sometimes very obvious, but they may not be innocent. In cases suggesting a mechanical problem, even if the history of the harvest and the findings of the examination do not support the findings of the MRI examination, “Diagnostic Arthroscopy” should not be avoided. TREATMENT Cartilage lesions that do not create mechanical barriers can be treated with recessive methods such as anti-inflammatory drugs, ice, and rest when it is sure that the body is within its healing capacity. Physical therapy is very effective in returning the patient to his normal life quickly. This should not exceed 3 weeks. Hyaluronic acid injection (viscosupplementation) and oral intake of glucosaminoglycan drugs (at least 6 months) during cartilage healing complete the treatment. Viscosupplementation has a mechanical and chemical contribution to the regulation of the metabolism of the cartilage matrix. In this respect, it is combined after arthroscopy treatment. If the complaints have not completely disappeared, arthroscopic surgery is the gold standard in cases that cause mechanical obstruction or cannot heal spontaneously. Arthroscopic Surgical Treatment It can be Diagnostic, Excisional or Reconstructive. Diagnostic Arthroscopy is used in the early diagnosis of the cause of joint complaints despite radiological criteria. During arthroscopy, joint examination is performed; Meniscus tears, cartilage softening, cartilage tears, joint mouse (free parts) and ligament lesions are detected and promptly intervened. The intervention may include simple procedures such as removal of the lesion (excision-debridement) or complex applications in the form of repair (reconstructive). Simple Arthroscopy (Excision-Debridement) These are procedures such as meniscus tear, removal of cartilage pieces and plica cutting. The healing potential of hyaline cartilage should be used in superficial cartilage lesions. The parts that are about to break off from the mechanical barrier surface should be taken out and the cartilage should be protected as much as possible. When a cartilage lesion is detected, innocent folds that may be the cause are investigated and the cause is eliminated. Arthroscopic Repair: It covers meniscus repair, ligament repair and cartilage transplantation. If the cartilage loss involves a single surface and has not severely damaged the opposite surface, repair is required if it is a full-thickness injury. In this case, it can be done by providing autologous (own cartilage) from another donor (allograft, xenograft). In addition to arthroscopic applications such as mosaicplasty, there are cartilage transfer surgeries performed by opening the joint. Considering the advantages of hyaline cartilage healing, similar mechanical problems may be encountered if the tissue formed in cartilage transfers is not aligned with the surface. The hyaline cartilage implanted with the appropriate technique allows the defect to enter the superficial healing process and reshape. Carbon fiber filler, which is another method used for the closure of the cartilage defect, aims to stimulate the formation of a smooth surface hyaline matrix while preventing excessive development of fibrocartilage tissue. However, since the cartilage surface formed after the method does not provide the expected lubricity, such methods are rarely applied. In conclusion, arthroscopic treatment is the indisputable gold standard in the diagnosis and treatment of cartilage lesions. However, planning by considering cartilage healing physiology during treatment directly affects patient satisfaction and treatment success.

Painless joint is freedom of movement. Stagnant life can lead to unexpected problems such as vascular diseases, internal organ failures, and stroke. The articular surface is smooth. Friction erodes the joint. Five main conditions can be put forward for the Working of the Joint. -Lubricity -Surface Compatibility -Lineup -Balance -Robustness The joint moves with the sliding cartilage surfaces. Injury on these surfaces, factors that disrupt the surface also disrupt the opposite side throughout the movement. Over time, both surfaces begin to erode each other. A groove of the width of the injury at a small point is revealed, the articular cartilage quickly disappears. Joints work in harmony with ball-socket, hinge structure. The axis of both surfaces should be the same, the covering areas should be the same. It carries our joints by distributing the weight of our body over large surfaces. Our weight is the strength of the joint that creates movement. With our joints, gravity is directed and the force of displacement is met. Harmonious joint surfaces should hold together in a balanced way. Joint ligaments complete the joint and provide balanced movement. (Compatible Joint) The joint also acts as a link. The main body is attached to the limbs. It is very important to have a balanced weight transfer and equal distribution to the joint surface, this is only possible with a good alignment. Even if a person with crooked legs has a compatible joint, bad alignment disrupts the harmony, causes different loads on the surface, injures the cartilage and wears the joint. Balanced load distribution is not just about sequencing. Our muscles balance the speed of the belt by meeting each other while opening and closing the joint. If this balance is not achieved, we cannot stand and injure the joint. The strength of the joint cartilage tissue depends on the buoyancy of the water it contains. If the water decreases, the strength and flexibility is lost, the tissue breaks down. Healthy joint tissue should hold a high rate of water in the cartilage bed. This rate is higher in young people. With aging, the rate of water in the cartilage bed decreases, and structures that hold less water take place in the tissue, and the joint tissue tends to break down by losing water. This situation can be prevented with treatment. Joint Cell Does Not Regenerate In case of injury to the joint surface, it is repaired immediately. Our body's repair ability is limited to 1mm, larger injuries; • If it creates friction on the surface • If the healing process risks damaging the counter surface • If it has resulted or will result in a poor healing, it must be treated arthroscopically. We Can Protect Our Joint Health Our joints get stronger and stronger as we move. A balanced diet rich in protein and regular exercises are beneficial. Excessive weight gain should be avoided. Sprained tarsi loading on the joint may be caused by weakness of muscle strength. Exercises to increase muscle strength should be done. The type of exercise should be appropriate for your level. It is inevitable that you will be injured while running on the treadmill if you have not walked on a straight track. If the items you use around you are in harmony (ergonomic) with you, it will reduce your risk of injury. Adapt your surroundings to yourself. Joint Injury Can Be Repaired Accurate diagnosis is possible with examination. When you have a joint injury, you should see an Orthopedics and Traumatology specialist as soon as possible. Radiological examinations performed after the physician's examination determine the level of injury and treatment method. Once the type of injury is determined, the rate of self-repair is understood. Apart from severe injuries, splint-plaster fixations, bandages, therapeutic drugs, painkillers are used that will allow the body to repair itself. Arthroscopic treatment is the gold standard in severe injuries. Joint immobility During injury, recessive treatments may be aimed at restricting the movement of the joint. The inactivity of a healthy joint can lead to a decrease in joint slipperiness and muscle melting. Therefore, the treatment is arranged so as to act as early as possible. Devices that provide passive movement of the joint surface without weight can be very effective in treatment. We get help from rehabilitation specialists and therapists for these types of treatments. (Continued Passive Motion) No matter how advanced and excellent the examination and radiological examinations are, Arthroscopy is the gold standard in the diagnosis of delayed joint injuries. Magnetic resonance imaging may be insufficient for cartilage lesions, plica tears and hardening. In this case, it is intervened before joint wear occurs. Meniscus tears and ligament ruptures can be treated with arthroscopic methods today with excellent results. Correct intervention and stepwise approach are very important when there is a joint injury Your joint may swell after injury, you will remain immobile and you cannot load. Do not panic, if you do not have a real health practitioner around you, a simple bandage, a temporary tesbt and a cold application is sufficient. Do not burden yourself with it, rest for a while and contact the health center as soon as possible. Your joint may swell after injury, you will remain immobile and you cannot load. Do not panic, if you do not have a real healthcare professional around, a simple bandage, a temporary tesbt and a cold application are all it takes. Do not burden yourself with it, rest for a while and contact the health center as soon as possible. Will the treatment affect your daily life and work life? Every person's daily life expectancy and business life differ. The physician's decision may vary from recessive treatments to arthroscopic surgical treatments while determining the rest and recovery time. Remember, your joints are the most important part of your life. Help may be needed to regain mobility after treatment We should definitely get physiotherapy help in arthroscopic treatments and long angle determinations performed after severe injuries.

1. Dull elbow 2. Tennis and Golfer’s Elbow (epicondylitis) 3. Cartilage lesions (synovial chondromalasias) Elbow arthroscopy provides the opportunity to intervene in all these problems without the need for open surgery.

The frequency of carpal instability after distal radius fractures The functional results of 34 wrists of 33 patients who were treated conservatively at the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology at Gazi University between 1994-97 were evaluated according to the Brujin criteria. According to the Mayo classification, ten were type I, three were type II, eighteen type III, and three were type IV. Carpal instability was detected in 9 (26.4%) of 34 fractures. Of the nine fractures, eight involved the joint …